This disease, which occurs in 1 out of every 10 women and is quite common in women of reproductive age, can also lead to infertility by causing ovulation disorders. If left untreated, polycystic ovary syndrome can lead to other diseases.

What is polycystic ovary syndrome?

Polycystic ovary syndrome, one of the most common hormonal disorders in women, is a health problem caused by the formation of many small and benign cysts in the ovaries.

In fact, there is no cyst in the ovaries, even though it is called a cyst. The biggest handicap of this disease, which characterizes a painful and difficult menstrual period in which ovulation is disrupted due to the formation of too many small eggs in the ovaries, is that it makes it difficult to have children.

Polycystic ovary syndrome, which predisposes to many different diseases, is a health problem in which genetic factors are also important.

What causes polycystic ovary syndrome?

Although it is not known exactly why polycystic ovary syndrome occurs, many factors are known to be decisive in the emergence of this disease. Genetic factors are the most important of these. Especially if the mother or sister has polycystic ovary syndrome, this disease is more likely to occur in the person.

Another risk factor for the disease is overweight. Obesity is thought to prepare a suitable ground for this disease. Because overweight causes an increase in the level of insulin hormone in the blood, which in turn increases androgen hormone synthesis.

This imbalance of sex hormones in the body can lead to a disruption of ovulation and the emergence of this disease.

What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome?

• Disruption in menstrual cycle
• Failure to menstruate,
• Prolonged time between menstrual periods
• Body hair growth
• Weight gain
• Infertility and recurrent miscarriages
• Increased oiliness and acne on the face, chest and back
• Male pattern hair loss
• Elevated blood pressure
• Snoring
• Sleep apnea
• Thickening of the intrauterine wall
• The associated risk of developing uterine cancer in the future
• Voice thickening
• Breast shrinkage, shape changes
• Not having children.

How is polycystic ovary syndrome diagnosed?

In order to diagnose polycystic ovary syndrome, a detailed history of the patient must first be taken. Accordingly, the diagnosis is made with clinical findings and ultrasound.

Since it occurs in approximately 1 in 10 women, it is important for people to go to a doctor and have a gynecological examination after the symptoms they notice in themselves. At this point, hormone and complete blood count tests are usually performed.

The level of androgen hormones in the blood and the levels of the hormones FSH and LH are decisive in the diagnosis of this disease.

How is polycystic ovary syndrome treated?

As with many female diseases, treatment of PCOS varies according to the course of the disease, the age, condition and expectations of the patient. But first of all, the patient must get rid of the factors that will make the treatment process difficult.

Accordingly, if she has a weight problem, she should lose weight with a dietician. If there is a hormonal disorder in the reproductive system as a result of the examinations, birth control pills or menstrual regulators can be given according to the hormonal disorders found in the blood test. In addition, hormone injections and various drugs with antiandrogen properties that lower the male hormone can be used.

If the disease in question prevents the person from having children, then various medications that promote ovulation are preferred. Some people with impaired ovarian function may also undergo laparoscopic ovarian surgery to restore a healthy ovarian function.

What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? yazısı ilk önce Op. Dr. Serpil KIRIM üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

Cervical cancer, which does not give many symptoms in the early stages, is usually detected through regular screening tests. Moreover, the cure rate is close to one hundred percent when detected early.

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer, a type of cancer that occurs in the cervix called the cervix, is one of the most common types of cancer in women. This disease, which affects almost 500,000 women a year, is caused by the HPV (Human Papilloma Viruses) virus.

Cancer precursors arise when the cell layer that forms the surface of the cervix turns into abnormal cells. If these precursors are not recognized and treated early, they develop into cervical cancer.

What are the risk factors for cervical cancer?

• Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection
• Sexual intercourse before the age of 16
• Sexually transmitted infections
• Multiple sexual partners
• Immunosuppressive diseases and drugs
• Frequent tobacco and alcohol use
• Poor nutritional conditions
• Family history of cervical cancer
• Being overweight and obese
• Weak immune system

What are the symptoms of cervical cancer?

This disease may not cause any symptoms in the early stages. In the later stages, complaints such as a feeling of fullness and mass in the vagina, pain during sexual intercourse, vaginal bleeding may occur. Bleeding may also occur during sexual intercourse, and may also occur afterwards in the form of drops with a foul odor.

When the tumor invades the bladder and rectum, the person may experience constipation, urine or feces coming from the vagina, bloody urine, enlargement of the urinary tract and kidneys. In addition, pain in the legs, severe lower back and groin pain may also occur due to the spread of the tumor to the pelvic wall.

In addition to all this;

• Pain during urination
• Spotting and bleeding after menopause
• Irregular bleeding between menstrual periods
• Severe pain in the genitals
• Fatigue and weakness
• Loss of appetite and weight loss may also occur.

How is cervical cancer diagnosed?

The most important advantage of cervical cancer is that it is a completely curable disease when detected early. Therefore, regular screening is vital for detecting the disease at an early stage.

The first step in the diagnosis of cervical cancer is to fully answer the questions that the doctor will ask in order to reveal the history of the disease. At this point, questions such as the age of the first sexual experience, whether pain is felt during sexual intercourse, whether there is bleeding during or after intercourse should be answered. Then the physical examination is started and the genital structure of the person is examined.

A pap smear cytology test is performed to detect abnormal cells. A biopsy sample is taken from potentially dangerous cells to diagnose cancer and determine the stage of the cancer. Many different tests are performed to determine the stage of the cancer.

These include rectovaginal examination, where the rectum and vaginal area are examined at the same time, CT MRI, also called computed tomography, and PET (Positron Emission Tomography) scanning.

How is cervical cancer treated?

The treatment of cervical cancer, which is categorized under 2 main groups as surgery and radiotherapy, varies according to the course of the disease. Radiotherapy is a treatment approach that can be used at any stage. However, this approach is mostly preferred in advanced stages. Since the spread of the disease is less in the early stages, surgical operations are preferred.

With the surgical operation, the primary tumor located in the cervix area and possible spread areas are removed and the patient is aimed to regain her health.

What is cervical cancer and how is it treated? yazısı ilk önce Op. Dr. Serpil KIRIM üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

It also leads to a decrease in ovarian reserve and is characterized by menstrual pain and persistent cramps.

What is a chocolate cyst?

Endometriosis, also known as chocolate cysts, are fluid-filled sacs that form deep inside the ovaries. Chocolate cysts, so named because they look like melted chocolate, occur when endometrial tissue proliferates in the ovaries.

Chocolate cysts, which are very common in women of reproductive age, are non-cancerous masses. These masses are filled with dark and reddish brown blood.

It is caused by the accumulation of endometrial tissue in the ovaries, which is normally found only in the uterus, thickens after menstruation and allows the baby to settle and is renewed by being discarded every menstrual period. It can make it difficult to have a child because it affects the reproductive system.

What causes endometriosis (chocolate cysts)?

Although it is not known exactly why chocolate cysts, which are very common in women, occur, there are some risk factors for the emergence of the disease. The most important of these are genetic factors.

There is a genetic tendency to carry the disease. If someone has a family history of endometriosis, they are more likely to develop the disease. Another important cause is menstruation in the opposite direction.

Normally, endometrial tissue is expelled with menstrual bleeding, but if there is a reverse flow, the tissue flows into the abdominal cavity and settles in the organs there. This can lead to a chocolate cyst.

In addition, if there is a problem with the immune system, this disease can also occur due to infection in the body.

What are the symptoms of a chocolate cyst?

• Painful and painful menstrual periods
• Excessive bleeding during menstruation
• Severe cramps
• Back and abdominal pain
• Pain during sexual intercourse
• Difficulty during urination and defecation
• Increased fatigue and swelling during menstrual periods
• Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation during menstrual periods
• Dark vaginal discharge
• Infertility

How is a chocolate cyst diagnosed?

The patient’s medical history is very important in diagnosing the disease. At this point, the physician listens to the patient’s complaints and performs the initial examination by asking questions about the medical history.

A gynecological examination is then performed to check the condition of the reproductive organs. Ultrasound imaging is performed, but it may not be possible to diagnose endometriosis with a standard ultrasound. Therefore, transvaginal ultrasound is used to look at the structure and number of chocolate cysts. MRI imaging is used to make a definitive diagnosis and to help with surgical planning.

Laparoscopy, which is performed by entering the abdomen through a small incision made near the navel, determines the texture, structure and number of cysts. If necessary, a sample is taken from the mass for further testing.

How is endometriosis (chocolate cyst) treated?

Chocolate cysts are treated in two ways. If there is no suspicion of cancer and the woman wants to have children, she is supported with certain medications to protect her ovarian reserves. For women who do not plan to become pregnant, hormone therapy can be started along with painkillers.

If surgery is necessary, the eggs are collected and frozen before surgery. In this way, the ovaries are preserved according to the plan to have a child.

What are Chocolate Cysts (Endometriosis)? yazısı ilk önce Op. Dr. Serpil KIRIM üzerinde ortaya çıktı.

It is seen as the main cause of cervical cancer, especially in women. HPV is an infection that can be easily detected with a simple test and can be controlled with vaccination.

What is HPV?

Genital warts can occur in both men and women as a result of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection. HPV, which are partially hard masses that look like cauliflower, can sometimes be as big as a pinhead in a single area, while sometimes they can reach larger sizes.

This virus, which causes the formation of warty masses, can lead to recurrent infections.

It is known that there are about 40 different types of HPV infections that can cause cancers of the cervix, genital lips, vagina and around the anus, especially in women. Although HPV can go away on its own thanks to the immune system, there is also a risk of HPV turning into cancer.

Therefore, an HPV screening test should be performed in order to take precautions against this virus, which can be easily transmitted through contact, and to detect possible precursor conditions in advance.

What is the HPV Screening Test?

It is a specialized cervical screening test for women to examine the cervix and check for precancerous conditions. There are two groups of this test to find out if the HPV virus is present in the female genitals and cervix (cervix). The first group of tests are called co-tests and are performed together with the smear test.

The most important advantage of this group of tests is to detect the presence of the HPV virus and to see the cellular changes that can cause cervical cancer. The tests in the second group are preferred only for the detection of the HPV virus.

What is the HPV vaccine?

It is a medical method used to control HPV infection, which is among the DNA viruses that usually do not show symptoms, and to minimize the risk of possible cancer. The HPV vaccine is a critical treatment method because 99 percent of cervical cancers are caused by this virus.

If vaccinated, primary protection is provided. At this point, different vaccines have been developed for different HPV types. A quadrivalent vaccine is used for HPV types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 and a 2-pack vaccine is used for HPV types 16, 18.

How is the HPV vaccine given?

HPV vaccine for boys and girls;

• Two doses between 9 and 14 years of age,
• Between 14 and 40 years of age, it is administered in three doses.
• If the vaccine age range is 9 to 14 years, the first vaccination is given on a set date and the second vaccination is given 6 months after the first injection. If the vaccine age range is 14 to 40, the first vaccine is given on a set date, the second vaccine is given 2 months after the first injection and the third dose is given 6 months after the first injection. Age ranges and doses vary as studies are conducted.

HPV Screening Test and HPV Vaccine yazısı ilk önce Op. Dr. Serpil KIRIM üzerinde ortaya çıktı.